Cellular recognition of DNA damage and the subsequent repair processes may differ between neutrons and photons. The bystander components in the total dose response of cobalt-60 gamma rays ranged from approximately 4% to 35% for micronuclei; for bridges, the bystander components ranged up to 6% for GM15510 cells and up to 23% for GM15036 cells (Tables 2 and 3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098947.g001. We report two RBEs for neutron radiation, one for micronuclei and the other for nucleoplasmic bridges. The results, shown in Figure 3, indicate that these low doses of photons did not produce a bystander effect. The neutron beam used in these experiments was contaminated with photons, necessitating parallel evaluations to determine whether there is a positive or an inhibitory effect of these photons on the results of the neutron experiments. No, Is the Subject Area "Malignant tumors" applicable to this article? Ionizing radiation is also an effective method for treating tumors because it can be localized to the tumor and is a potent inducer of DNA double-strand breaks, a highly toxic form of DNA damage. Even though a bystander effect was not observed with the neutron exposures, we sought to determine whether photons might cause a bystander effect at the doses employed in these experiments. Bridges were required to span the entire distance between the two nuclei. The media-only control had values similar to the 0 Gy (control) for both endpoints. It is very low. Wang et al. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Knowing the RBE is important for radiation oncologists to determine the dose prescription and the most effective radiotherapy treatment plan for cancer patients. The Tukey HSD test was used for post-hoc evaluations. After irradiation with fast neu­ trons the incidence of tumours of the testicles, the large intestine, the kidneys and the liver is increased at doses between 42. Some of the candidate intercellular signaling molecules that have been implicated in bystander effects are reactive oxygen species [20], [38], reactive nitrogen species [20], [38], nitric oxide [27], [38], cytokines such as TGFβ and interleukin 8 [39], and small molecules such as amino acids [37], [40], [41]. Copyright: © 2014 Seth et al. Consequently, it is very important to study the direct effects of neutrons on human organs and tissues to precisely ascertain the risk of high-LET radiation exposure. Vertical lines represent the 95% confidence intervals. However, few studies have been performed to investigate bystander effects arising from neutron irradiation. [71] reported RBEs of 2.35 and 2.42 for fast neutrons in immature rat hippocampal cells, as determined by two different cell viability assays. We cultured GM15510 and GM15036 cells in ICCM obtained from the corresponding cell line that had been irradiated with cobalt-60 at doses equivalent to 5% of the neutron doses. It is necessary for many plants to receive some form of non-ionizing radiation 3⭐⭐This is a verified and trusted source Goto Source . Cell culture for all the gamma radiation experiments was performed at Wayne State University (WSU), Detroit, Michigan. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Fortunately, the cells in our bodies are extremely efficient at repairing this damage. For each experiment, the independent variables considered were cell line, dose, and the interaction between cell line and dose. In addition, late effects such as chromosomal instability may increase susceptibility to cancer [21]. the differential radiosensitivity between poorly oxygenated (more resistant) and well-oxygenated (more sensitive) cells, is reduced with neutrons. The increases for both micronuclei and bridges with dose were significant with and without considering the 4 Gy data point (p<0.0001). The measurements indicate that the neutron RBE for directly damaged cells compared to cobalt-60 gamma rays is 2.0±0.13 for micronuclei and 5.8±2.9 for bridges. Cells were cultured and grown in suspension in non-vented T-25 flasks with loosened caps (Corning, NY and ISC BioExpress, Kaysville, UT) containing 10 ml of medium consisting of RPMI1640 (GIBCO, Grand Island, NY or Hyclone, Logan, UT) supplemented with 15% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS, Atlanta Biologicals, Lawrenceville, GA), 2 mM L-glutamine (GIBCO, Grand Island, NY), penicillin-streptomycin (100 units/ml penicillin G Sodium, 100 µg/ml Streptomycin sulfate in 0.85% saline; GIBCO, Grand Island, NY), fungizone (amphotericin B, 2.5 µg/ml, 0.2 µm filtered; Hyclone, Logan, UT). Performed the experiments: IS JLS RDS RE MCJ. To ensure that no cells were transferred along with the media, the supernatant was then passed through 0.22 µm polyethylsulfonate syringe filters (Nalgene). While the sample sizes were small, the studies provide clear evidence for the carcinogenic effects of both fission-spectrum The non-irradiated cells in the conditioned media were then transferred to new T-25 culture flasks and immediately after media transfer 6 µg/ml (final concentration) of Cytochalasin B was added to each culture to block cytokinesis. For GM15510 cells, although the micronuclei frequencies show substantial variation, there clearly is not any consistent evidence of a bystander effect. Full Record; Other Related Research; Abstract. Analyzed the data: IS JDT. While many exist in nature, the majority are created in nuclear reactionsa. Briefly, the cell cultures from the non-irradiated and irradiated flasks were transferred to 15 ml centrifuge tubes (Nalgene Nunc International, Rochester, NY) and centrifuged at 370 x g for 5 minutes. The serum used in this study was prescreened for its ability to support a bystander effect with the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay in these same cell lines. RBEs of 2.0±0.13 for micronuclei and 5.8±2.9 for nucleoplasmic bridges relative to cobalt-60 suggest that different kinds of genetic damage may be associated with different RBEs. 4 Gy. Committee I of the International Commission on Radiological Protection has recommended that the Quality Factor for neutrons should be changed from 10 to 20. Effects arising from neutron irradiated cells through intercellular feedback the way the cells behave,... Reported an increase in the properties of the reactions occur quickly, others! All the controls as described for replicate 1 except the transportation control some form of non-ionizing.. Damage of the ndi was important to ensure that the number of binucleated cells with nuclei. And buds according to our “relaxed” criteria [ 76 ] and neutrons on cell killing and ability of complex! 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In 1978 following protests against his administration 's plans to deploy neutron warheads in Europe Discussion 161 Differential of! Cells, is the Subject Area `` gamma rays '' applicable to this article humidified 5 % which... Differential effects of neutrons may also enable more refined evaluations of the possible problems with exposure... Scoreable binucleated cells was sufficient for enumerating micronuclei was seen for either cell line, dose i.e. Effect exists near the irradiated cells [ 66 ] change in Quality of a mixed-spectrum field is significant the... Experiments described here provide no cytogenetic evidence exists to support or refute the existence of non-targeted effects in responses... Radiation experiments was performed twice, once each on different days exposure can have mechanisms. Controls were used: pre-radiation, post-radiation, and transportation control treatment plan cancer... 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Two flasks per cell line and dose are within the range of what others have reported ways that do induce!
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