The marsh rabbit commonly inhabits brackish and freshwater marshes, mainly of cattails and cypress. Feral and free-ranging domestic cats (Felis catus) have strong negative effects on wildlife, particularly in island ecosystems such as the Florida Keys. The main threats are habitat loss and fragmen - tation from sea-level rise, development, and habitat succession. The Lower Keys marsh rabbit is one of many endangered endemic species of the Florida Keys. There is little difference in the coloration of males and females. We first modeled occupancy of marsh rabbits to determine habitat and predator relationships with dynamic parameters (MacKenzie et al., 2003). Additionally, we compared 15 a priori dynamic models of cat site use of camera trap sites following the same framework, excluding any covariates on colonization, and including a year effect based on the first year the site was sampled (e.g., 2013 vs. 2014) because it was supported in the initial candidate comparison (Table S2). Endangered Lower Keys marsh rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris hefneri). Therefore, we calculated the change in cat detections (camera trap captures) between the first sampling year and the final sampling year (e.g., negative numbers = relative reduction in cat detections and positive numbers = relative gain in cat detections). These results suggest that restoration efforts, particularly the removal of old roads and berms that affect flow regimes and fragment marsh patches, will be most beneficial to marsh rabbits if they produce large contiguous freshwater wetlands. These surveys resulted in 160 trapdays with marsh rabbit detections, with 58 trapdays (mean = 0.69 detections per site ±1.23SD) with detections across sites surveyed in 2013–2014 and 102 trapdays (mean = 1.20 detections per site ±2.00SD) with detections at sites surveyed in 2015. Their findings were posted online this week by the journal Global Change Biology. Additionally, two of the four top‐supported models contained φ = 1 as a fixed parameter. Therefore, we considered these sites to be unbiased for occupancy estimation of both species because they are representative of the entire wildlife refuge. We identified the habitat type at each camera sampling point as either one of three categorical cover groups: (1) freshwater marshes, (2) coastal marshes, including buttonwood transition zones and scrub mangrove, or (3) upland habitat, including pine and hammock habitats. Bobcats feed on small prey and are fantastic hunters. Sites occurring on human trails (+) and within rabbit habitat (−) disagreed with our a priori predictions, but were also not significant. Shrubland habitat along the Eastern Trail recently has been expanded for the endangered animal. Restoration efforts for marsh rabbits and other endangered species on the refuge include the removal of roads, prescribed fires in wetlands and pine rocklands to promote native vegetation, and the removal of exotic plants and animals (USFWS, 1999). We livetrapped 83 rabbits, evaluated 5 closed population models, and selected the model that best represented the data. Historically abundant across the Lower Keys, marsh rabbit distribution is currently limited to remnant patches of marshes and coastal transition zones. We then used dynamic co‐occurrence models to further examine predator–prey relationships by including conditional probabilities of occupancy and species interaction factors (MacKenzie et al., 2004). Four of the eight dynamic co‐occurrence models received support as the 95% confidence set explaining variation in marsh rabbit–cat co‐occurrence dynamics (Table 3). Below are publications associated with this project. Their diet also consists of blackberry, greenbrier, and other woody and semi-woody plants. Special Thanks to Andy Maurer, Phillip Hughes, Sandra Sneckenberger, Anne Morkill, Chad Anderson, Adam Emerick, and Nancy Finley for their support during their tenures in the Keys. Significant covariate effects and a priori predictions that correspond with estimates are bolded. It is similar in appearance to the eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) but is characterized by smaller ears, legs, and tail. The Lower Keys marsh rabbit (LKMR, Sylvilagus palustris hefneri), a subspecies of marsh rabbit endemic to the Lower Keys, Florida, is threatened with extinction due to … (2011) observed that interior freshwater marshes were more important refugia for marsh rabbits than coastal patches. We observed 10 rabbit colonization events and seven extinction events between the primary survey periods. Get PDF (1 MB) Abstract. Marsh Rabbit. Species Name . Watch full episodes of RARE: Creatures of the Photo Ark online now. the endangered Lower Keys marsh rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris hefneri) across its geographic distribution under scenarios of current conditions, low (0.3-m), medium (0.6- (2010) identified raccoons (Procyon lotor) as a potential threat using data from track surveys. Distance to development (+), elevation via LiDar (−), and coastal habitat (−) relationships were not significant but agreed with our a priori predictions. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. The marsh rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris) is a small cottontail rabbit found in marshes and swamps of coastal regions of the Eastern and Southern United States. Sylvilagus palustris hefneri (Lower Keys Marsh Rabbit [LKMR]) is an endangered subspecies of marsh rabbit found only in the Lower Florida Keys. Metapopulation Ecology and Recovery of the Endangered Lower Keys Marsh Rabbit. Pages 71-75 in S.R. These findings indicate that continued predator management would likely benefit endangered small mammals as they recolonize restored habitats. Prior to establishment of the refuge, historic rabbit habitat was converted for residential and commercial development, which altered the topography and hydrology of the remaining habitats. The camera trapping protocol that we used provided useful data on predators and their distribution for inferences in co‐occurrence models. The global model was most supported to predict initial occupancy, but only three covariates were strong with parameter 95% confidence intervals that excluded 0 (Table 2). We characterized camera sites based on covariates that we identified a priori as potentially important for marsh rabbit and free‐ranging cat distribution and dynamics on Big Pine Key. Dynamic occupancy models estimate occupancy in the initial sampling period (ψ), colonization (γ), extinction (ε), and detection (p) parameters and when used with a co‐occurrence model, they can also estimate conditional probabilities for one species when a second species is present/absent (Bailey, Reid, Forsman, & Nichols, 2009). Lagomorpha. The full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties. Photo Credit: ... (not threatened or endangered) so you are more likely to see a bobcat than you are a Florida panther. The top‐supported free‐ranging cat detection model with the global occupancy parameterization suggested that free‐ranging cat detection probability was negatively related to camera locations on human trails (β = −0.63 ± 0.16SE), negatively related to camera locations in marsh rabbit habitat (β = −0.54 ± 0.15SE), and negatively related to the primary survey period occurring in 2013 (β = −1.04 ± 0.17SE), so we included those covariates in all further free‐ranging cat occupancy models. Threats to both of these sub-species include habitat change, sea level rise, and introduced predators like feral cats (Felis catus) as well as native  mesopredators that thrive in umandominated  landscapes. To Cite This Page: Glenn, C. R. 2006. MVC, BG, TRS, and AFO conceived and designed the research; MVC conducted fieldwork and collected data; MVC analyzed the data; TRS, BG, and AFO contributed materials/analysis tools and consulted on analyses; MVC wrote the initial draft of the manuscript; MVC, TRS, BG, and AFO revised and edited the manuscript. Breeding occurs year-round but peaks December through June. Most notably, mosquito ditches were carved into the limestone substrate of Big Pine Key to manage water levels and reduce marshes and standing water. We followed a similar approach for modeling the occupancy of free‐ranging cats, but did not model colonization because the parameter of most interest was extinction due to predator removal. Management strategies have focused on habitat restoration and exotic predator control. Occupancy models commonly use camera trap data to assess individual species distributions, community dynamics, and species interactions (MacKenzie, Bailey, & Nichols, 2004; MacKenzie et al., 2002). To Cite This Page: Glenn, C. R. 2006. Lower Keys marsh rabbit) is endemic to the Lower Florida Keys. The Florida Marsh Rabbit, Sylvilagus palustris paludicola, is a cousin of the cottontail rabbit. Animal detection probabilities often vary on and off trails, so we also included presence of human trails as a binary covariate if camera stations were located directly on or off trails. The subspecies was listed as federally endangered in 1990, its populations threatened as a result of habitat loss and degradation, as well as mortality from vehicles and free-roaming cats. Leporidae. Lower Keys Marsh Rabbit, also known as Sylvilagus palustris hefneri, is a species of the marsh rabbit and is named after the Playboy founder Hugh Hefner. Finally, we used the most supported colonization covariate set to model extinction (ε) parameters. Concurrent with expanding anthropogenic development, exotic predators such as large constrictor snakes (e.g., Python and Boa spp. However, the effectiveness of predator removal and the effects of anthropogenic habitat modifications and restoration have not been evaluated. They are found in brackish and fresh water marshes, in flooded agricultural areas, and in swamps. Cats can swim (Abbott, 2000), but we suspect they would not be inclined to cross water barriers unless resources (e.g., human‐provisioned food) were limited. The marsh rabbit consumes a variety of aquatic plants including marsh grass, cattail, rushes, water hyacinths, marsh pennywort, duck potato, and amaryllis. Lower Keys Marsh Rabbit Facts Firstly, the Lower Keys Marsh Rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris hefneri) remains perhaps the most endangered species of rabbit currently known to man. Marsh rabbits are approximately 40 cm (16 in) long and weigh 1-2 kilograms (2-5 lbs). Camera trapping is a valuable survey method because it provides detection/nondetection data to estimate detection probability and spatial and temporal patterns of co‐occurrence among species (Burton et al., 2015; O'Connell, Nichols, & Karanth, 2010). Lower Keys marsh rabbit) is endemic to the Lower Florida Keys. The species interaction factor from the top‐supported model (φ = 0.81 ± 0.15SE) was less than 1, suggesting the two species co‐occurred less frequently than random, but the 95% confidence interval slightly overlapped with 1. These relatively short sampling periods are comparable to previous occupancy studies applied to camera trap data of small mammals and mesopredators (e.g., Jones et al., 2016a). A recent global analysis of biodiversity loss concluded that exotic mammalian predators are the most detrimental to rare and endangered species, particularly on islands (Doherty, Glen, Nimmo, Ritchie, & Dickman, 2016). They do inhabit a number of the Lower Keys islands as well. "Earth's Endangered Creatures - Lower Keys Marsh Rabbit Facts" (Online) - Licensed article from Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. We used the two modeling approaches because although we expected the results to show similar relationships, we thought it was informative to compare results from contrasting approaches. Kym Marsh and guests at the "Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit" … The global model was most supported to predict initial occupancy, but only the distance from development (β = −1.48 ± 0.60SE) was significant with a 95% confidence interval that excluded 0 (Table S4). Fish and Wildlife Service has actively managed exotic predators by removing them from the system. The Lower Keys marsh rabbit, known to scientists as Sylvilagus palustris hefneri — named for Playboy publishing magnate Hugh Hefner – is a small- to medium-sized rabbit with dark brown fur and a grayish-white belly. Family. Evidence of interactions between free‐ranging cats and marsh rabbits is limited and typically anecdotal (i.e., Forys, 1995), or potentially biased because cats can kill marsh rabbits without consuming them (e.g., for stable isotope analyses—Cove et al., 2018). Marsh rabbit occupancy was also positively related to patch size, which corresponds with both recent studies (Eaton et al., 2011; Schmidt et al., 2011b) and historical surveys (Forys, 1995). Telemetry studies are also useful, but we suggest that future approaches would benefit from concurrent tracking of both species. We observed cat site extinction events at three times as many sites as cat colonization events, and site extinction was related to the longer 2‐year trapping period between survey years (e.g., sites first surveyed in 2013). Cat occurrence was negatively associated with increasing distance from human developments. We examined whether extinction (ε) was affected by patch size or coastal covariates, as well as cat covariates including the number of individual cats at a site or the number of cat detections in the final year (four hypotheses—Table S1). As I told u earlier, Low-key rabbits are the most endangered subspecies of this rabbit, which is due to the fragmentation of its habitat. The Future: Additional sampling techniques including hair and scat collection for potential genetic and stable isotope analyses. McCleery et al. The Lower Keys marsh rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris hefneri) is one of many endangered endemic species of the Florida Keys. Endangered Marsh Rabbit update-- There are many plants and animals we are concerned about post Irma. Explore {{searchView.params.phrase}} by color family {{familyColorButtonText(colorFamily.name)}} marsh bunny - marsh rabbit stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images . States . Abstract. Spatial co-occurrence between exotic and native species in an urban reserve, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00144-5, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.07.028, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1534-x, http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/software/presence.html, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.269.5227.1112, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00828.x, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[2248:ESORWD]2.0.CO;2, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02464.x, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00442.x, https://doi.org/10.5326/15473317-31-5-429, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.07.016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-011-9654-7, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00915.x. Our dynamic occupancy models for free‐ranging cats and co‐occurrence models suggest that cats occupy a greater range of habitat types on Big Pine Key than marsh rabbits. Learn more. In a study based on rabbit pellet counts, Eaton et al. We used an information‐theoretic ranking with AIC to determine which detection covariates to include in subsequent occupancy models (Burnham & Anderson, 2002). U.S.FWS Species profile about species listing status, federal register publications, recovery, critical habitat, conservation planning, petitions, and life history. Sylvilagus palustris hefneri, also known as the Lower Keys marsh rabbit, is an endangered subspecies of marsh rabbit named after Playboy founder Hugh Hefner. ), Geographic Names Information System (GNIS), Mapping, Remote Sensing, and Geospatial Data. Rare and endangered biota of Florida, volume 1: mammals. Exotic predators such as free-ranging domestic cats (Felis catus) pose an additional threat to these endangered small mammals. We also hypothesized a negative relationship between marsh rabbit occupancy and cat occurrence, and a positive relationship between cat removal and rabbit site colonization rates. We observed nine free‐ranging cat colonization events and 27 site extinction events between the primary survey periods. This species can reach a length of 14-16 inches long (3.5-4 centimeters). Simultaneous management of both habitat and exotic predator populations is likely necessary for the recovery of many endangered island endemics, particularly where public lands juxtapose urban landscapes. We sampled 112 camera trap sites from 16 January 2013 through 4 April 2013 using an adaptive sampling approach in which initial camera data were used to inform subsequent sampling to increase the number of detections of both target species (i.e., Cove et al., 2018). Exotic predators such as free‐ranging domestic cats (Felis catus) pose an additional threat to these endangered small mammals. The Key Largo woodrat (Neotoma floridana smalli) and Key Largo cotton mouse (Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola) are federally endangered subspecies endemic to the tropical hardwood hammocks of Key Largo, Florida. Facts About Lower Keys Marsh Rabbit Females can produce up to 4 litters of between 1-3 offspring every year. "Earth's Endangered Creatures - Lower Keys Marsh Rabbit Facts" (Online) - Licensed article from Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Rabbit occurrence was positively related to freshwater habitat and patch size, but was negatively related to the number of individual cats detected at each site. The U.S. FWS's Threatened & Endangered Species System track information about listed species in the United States U.S.FWS Species profile about species listing status, federal register publications, recovery, critical habitat, conservation planning, petitions, and life history School of Environmental and Forest Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, U.S. Geological Survey, NC Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA, U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD, USA. The constant model for initial rabbit occupancy, colonization, extinction, and detection was more supported than including a year effect (ΔAIC = 3.98), so we did not include any covariates to distinguish 2013 from 2014 primary survey periods in further marsh rabbit models. You can identify marsh rabbits from the Eastern cottontail by their smaller ears and the dark, bluish-gray fur on its tail giving it the nickname “blue tail.” This endangered bunny was named after none other than Hugh Hefner himself. Distribution; Notes; Marsh Rabbit Distribution . Furthermore, marsh rabbit population projection models suggested that cat predation was likely the single most important factor hindering marsh rabbit recovery (Forys & Humphrey, 1999; LaFever et al., 2008). We suspect that while salt‐tolerant coastal habitats are more resilient to hurricane storm surges, our data support the notion that freshwater wetlands are valuable as marsh rabbit refugia on Big Pine Key. We created daily detection histories (0 = no detection and 1 = detected) for marsh rabbits and free‐ranging cats at each camera site. Marsh rabbit occupancy was strongly related to habitat features including freshwater marshes and patch size. 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