Relationship between tillering and leaf area index: quantifying critical leaf area index for tillering in rice - Volume 138 Issue 3 - X. ZHONG, S. PENG, J. E. SHEEHY, R. M. VISPERAS, H. LIU Tillering is a major determinant of rice plant architecture and grain yield. This work demonstrates complex interactions in the biosynthesis of carotenoid, SLs and ABA, and reveals a role for ABA in the regulation of rice tillering. These varieties induced only low S. hermonthica germination, attachment, emergence and dry biomass. SeedlingEmergence occurs when the first internode, called the mesocotyl, has elongated and pushed the tip of the rice coleoptile (epiblast) through the soil surface. Auxin transportation accomplished by the auxin i… However, the emerging leaf should not be counted. trol tiller production will help us to breed new elite rice varieties to meet the continuing challenge of food production (Qian et al., 2016). When the 5th leaf emerges, the 2nd node's tiller and root start growing, and so on. These authors contributed equally to this article. Fig. These emerge all through the vegetative growth phase, but stop when plants reach panicle initiation (the starting point of the reproductive phase). n. One that tills land: a tiller of soil. 1995, Leyser 2001, Paquette and Benfey 2001, Reinhardt et al. Some varieties are intrinsically better at tillering than others, and these differences can make a variety more “plastic”, adapting better to thin or dense stands. Rice is a unique perennial crop with an indeterminate tillering potential, and the actual tiller- ing number is easily influenced by nutrients availability, planting density and variety [14–16]. found that nitrogen fertilizer application increased the number of rice tillers, but not every tiller contributed equally to the overall yield. Analysis of rice mutants with altered tiller number has shown that hormones play a key role in regulating axillary bud … As rice enters the 3- to 4-leaf stage, tiller (or stool) formation typically begins, initiating the tillering stages. 2001) and unidentified farmyard manure (Satyanarayana et al. Around one hundred rice TN genes have been identified, but dissecting the genetic architecture of rice TN variations remains difficult because of its complex trait and control by both major genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs). 2000). A critical step during rice (Oryza sativa) cultivation is dense planting: a wider tiller angle will increase leaf shade and decrease photosynthesis efficiency, whereas a narrower tiller angle makes for more efficient plant architecture.The molecular basis of tiller angle remains unknown. However, both in vivo and in vitro clonal propagation of rice can be used as an effective tool for large scale production of uniform planting materials and such Teosinte Branched 1 (TB1) is a negative regulator of lateral branching and an inducer of female inflorescence formation in Zea mays (maize). The degree of rice tillering is an important agronomic trait that can be markedly affected by nitrogen supply. However, there were no conspicuous differences in plant height between the wild‐type and TaD27‐RNAi wheat plants (Figure 3g). The roots begin to extract nutrients from the soil. The critical time at active tillering for N application is typically about midway between 14 days after transplanting (DAT) or 21 days after sowing (DAS) and panicle initiation. Temperate Japonica (TEJ) rice belongs to the northern ecotype in China, and subtropical indica (IND) rice belongs to the southern ecotype. This ensures the formation of dense tufts and multiple seed heads. Tillers are initiated at the base of the plant, emerging from the inside of the seedling leaves on the main shoot. Due to the agro-nomic importance of tillering in rice breeding, many rice tillering mutants have been reported. Tiller induction by PL occurred in a num-ber of rice cultivars which included high- and low-tillering varieties. Here, we identified a high-tillering mutant tillering20 (t20), which could be restored to the wild type by treatment with the strigolactone (SL) analog rac-GR24. This might be beneficial because it reduces the variability in maturity among panicles. The internodes vary in length depending on variety and environmental conditions, but generally increase from the lower to upper part of the stem. Importantly, rac-GR24 also stimulated expression of Oryza sativa 9-CIS-EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE 1 (OsNCED1) through induction of Oryza sativa HOMEOBOX12 (OsHOX12), promoting ABA biosynthesis in shoot base. In contrast, rice cultivars such as Super Basmati, TN 1, Anakila and Agee displayed high tillering in combination with low production of the aforementioned strigolactones. It starts when the fourth true leaf is fully emerged. The critical time at active tillering for N application is typically about midway between 14 days after transplanting (DAT) or 21 days after sowing (DAS) and panicle initiation. Tillering is one of the important stages that can be most influenced by management practices. Rice tiller is a specialized grain-bearing branch that is formed on the unelongated basal internode and grows independently of the mother stem (culm) by means of its own adventitious roots. At this point, the main culm may be difficult to distinguish from the tiller. Since the gene MONOCULM 1 (MOC 1) was first characterized as a key regulator in controlling rice tillering and branching, great progress has been achieved in identifying important genes associated with grain yield, elucidating the … To investigate whether the growth conditions in the two regions affect rice tillering, we selected 10 rice accessions from the previously studied rice … rice tillering process involves two developmental stages: the formation of axillary meristems in the leaf axils and their subsequent outgrowth (Hanada, 1993). In addition, we discuss how the development of new genomics tools and approaches, coupled with the synteny between the rice and barley genomes, are accelerating the isolation of barley genes underlying tillering phenotypes. Tillers can also arise from upper nodes, but such tillers are produced late and are less productive (Li et al., 2003; Ishikawa et al., 2005). For rice plants to be more productive, they need to have: • More tillers per plant, • More fertile tillers (panicles) which form from the tillers that a plant puts out, • More grains per fertile tiller, and • Larger grains. The number of days the vegetative stage takes varies depending on the variety of rice, but is typically between 55 and 85 days.The early vegetative phase begins as soon as the seed germinates into a seedling and ends at tillering. Tillering Stage This stage begins with the emergence of the first tiller and ends at Panicle Initiation. Cumulatively, the inappropriate light distribution in PSII and the premature aging of flag leaves led to insufficient resources for late emerging tillers. It is not a true leaf because it lacks a leaf blade. Plants in dense stands produce fewer tillers than plants in thin stands (Fig. The vegetative phase: During the vegetative phase, the plant goes through the following stages of development: germination–emergence, seedling growth, tillering and inter-node elongation (according t… It is a plant species specific version of the BBCH-scale. This can result in a longer period of panicle maturity and a higher number of ineffective tillers (tillers that don't produce a panicle). This study characterized a rice mutant, the most obvious phenotypes of which are high t illering, reduced h eight, and i nfertile s pikelets (named this1). ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ζ-Carotene Isomerase Suppresses Tillering in Rice through the Coordinated Biosynthesis of Strigolactone and Abscisic Acid, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2020.10.001. Under low plant densities, more tillers are produced. This enables them to produce multiple stems (tillers) starting from the initial single seedling. Each upper node bears a leaf and a bud, which can grow into a tiller. However, the whole SL signaling pathway from the receptor to downstream transcription factors to finally inhibit tillering remains unrevealed. The rice tiller is a specialized grain-bearing branch that normally arises from the axil of each leaf and grows independently of the mother stem (culm) with its own adventitious roots. The present study demonstrated that the number and contributions of late emerging tillers to rice grain yields were improved with increased N levels. Reproductive phase covers the period from panicle initiation to flowering, and 3. Rice plants require N during the tillering stage to ensure a sufficient number of panicles. Some tillers die before flowering because of shading by other tillers or weeds; the surviving tillers will produce a panicle. At this stage, the nodes are all “compressed” close to the ground—the length between nodes (internode length) is less than 0.04 inches. Tillering marks the end of the seedling stage. It starts when the fourth true leaf is fully emerged. In this review, we describe the genes and hormones that control tillering in two key cereal crops, rice and barley. 1. In grasses like rice (Oryza sativaL.) The seedling stage starts right after the first root and shoot emerge, and lasts until just before the first tiller appears. Nutrition can affect head rice and amylose content. 126 2. Tillering is a major determinant of grain yield of rice (Gallagher and Biscoe, 1978), and it is affected by environmental conditions (Yoshida et al ., 1981).The environmental effect on tillering was minimized by conducting this study in a greenhouse using hydroponic culture. OsWUS, an ortholog of Arabidopsis WUSCHEL (WUS) in rice, is required for tiller development. Improvements in rice tillering and growth have previously been noted with the combination of manure and fertilizer. Maturity phase covers the period from flowering to complete maturity. The modern short- stat- ... high tillering tropical indicas to our relatively lower tillering calrose or japonica types. In a recent study published in AoB PLANTS, Wang et al. This means that when the 4th leaf starts emerging (from the 4th node), the 1st node's tiller and root start growing. PL (Eneji et al. Vegetative phasecovers the period from germination to panicle initiation, 2. The rice MOC1 gene, a putative GRAS family member, was found to control the Rice tillers are specialized branches arising from axillary buds, usually at basal nodes of the primary stem (culm) and each bears a panicle… Rice Growth and Development Introduction So you want to grow a 12,000 lb/acre rice crop. The genes controlling tillering in rice encode proteins involved in phytohormone-associated regulatory mechanisms. tillering synonyms, tillering pronunciation, tillering translation, English dictionary definition of tillering. However, rice tillering is developmentally controlled, and how it is regulated coordinately with reproductive growth remains unclear. Tillering potential and optimum tillering of rice Rice is cultivated mostly by seeds conventionally. Seedling stages occur during the first two to five weeks after planting. Thus, in dry soils, tillering is inhibited: the lateral nature of tillering is not supported by lateral root growth. Furthermore, while ABA-deficient mutants aba1 and aba2 had the same number of basal tillers as wild type, they had more unproductive upper tillers at maturity. Tillering in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important agronomic trait for grain production, and also a model system for the study of branching in monocotyledonous plants. Growth stage ... 2 Tillering or stem elongation may occur earlier than stage 13; in this case continue with stages 21 or 30 Tillering and Panicle Initiation: Tales of Ryza -- The ABCs of proper nutrition for rice plants - Duration: 9:39. International Rice Research Institute 91,681 views 9:39 As stand density goes down, tillers per plant increase. I have always been amazed at the capacity of rice plants to adapt to the conditions of the field, producing more tillers in thin stands and less tillers in dense stands. Different cultivation practices impact on tiller growth and development. In the following sections, we will summarize progress in the identiication and characterization of genes, hormones, and developmen-tal pathways underlying tillering in rice and barley. At this stage, the nodes are all “compressed” close to the ground—the length between nodes (internode length) is less than 0.04 inches. Meet Ryza, the talking rice plant! On the other hand, ABA treatment significantly repressed SL biosynthesis and the ABA biosynthetic mutants displayed elevated SL biosynthesis. Tillering rates are heavily influenced by soil water status. The phytohormone auxin regulates a wide variety of developmental processes of plant growth. Abstract. The tillering capacity of rice plants varies with variety, plant spacing, fertility, weed competition and damage from pests. Each tiller has the potential to produce a panicle; however, not all do. A tiller and its root start growing when the leaf from the third node above is emerging. This includes changes in growth direction, in shoot and root branching, and in vascular differentiation (Laskowski et al. Rice tillering is an important agronomic trait for grain yield, but the mechanism underlying this process remains mostly unclear. The results showed that, spraying Spd on rice leaves at a concentration of 0.5 mM promoted the growth recovery of rice after drainage, such as green leaves, tillers, and aboveground dry mass. Yields under thin or dense stands may not vary much. Rice plants require N during the tillering stage to ensure a sufficient number of panicles. The prophyll (first sheathing leaf) emerges through the coleoptile. If you have an account, then sign in now! If rice plants are spread out and not planted very close together, they have more room to … In this study, we identified and functionally characterized a low‐tillering mutant decreased culm number 1 ( dc1 ) that resulted from loss‐of‐function of OsWUS . For example, in a Butte County nitrogen by variety trial in … The length of the mesocotyl varies with cultivars. You are currently not signed in. These tillers emerge and branch out from the base of the plant. ABA treatment reduced the number of basal tillers in both t20 and wild-type plants. T20 encodes a chloroplast ζ-carotene isomerase (Z-ISO), which is involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids and their metabolites, SL and abscisic acid (ABA). Tillering is an important trait of cereal crops that optimizes plant architecture for maximum yield. However, if stands are too dense, one runs the risk of disease and lodging. and barley (Hordeum vulgareL. All of California varieties, however, have more than ad- The ten stages of rice development can be grouped in three larger phases: 1. Rice tiller is a specialized grain-bearing branch that is formed on the unelongated basal internode and grows independently of the mother stem (culm) by means of its own adventitious roots. High tillering capacity is a beneficial trait for grain production of rice, since the number of tillers per plant is closely related to the number of panicles per plant [58,59]. Tillering also depends on agricultural methods: the time and rate of sowing (early sowing usually causes greater tillering; in dense plantings there is less), seed quality (the larger the seed, the greater the tillering), depth of planting, and application of fertilizers. Late maturing varieties have longer periods of tillering than early maturing varieties. Intensified tillering, within certain limits, increases the harvest. 2000). It is the period of rapid leaf and tiller growth. Both nitrogen accumulation and tillering capacity were significantly influenced when the TD was varied from 5 seeds square-1to 125 seeds square-1. In particular, rice overexpressing these GA2oxs exhibited early and increased tillering and adventitious root growth. Tillering in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important agronomic trait for grain production, and also a model system for the study of branching in monocotyledonous plants. Butte County, 1984-1985. aerobic rice - north china - water productivity - exploring options - modeling approach - less water - performance - emergence: Abstract: Water shortage in the Huai River Basin prompts farmers to adopt water-saving technologies such as direct-seeded nonflooded or aerobic rice. In theory, each node has the capacity to produce a leaf, a tiller and a root; however, tillers and their roots emerge later than leafs. Tillering is an important agronomic trait for rice population quality and grain production. A rice tiller is a specialized grain-bearing branch that contributes greatly to grain yield. The vegetative phase is characterized by the development of tillers and more leaves, and a gradual increase in plant height. Here we report a novel rice gene, Tillering and Dwarf 1 (TAD1), which encodes a co-activator of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C), a multi-subunit E3 ligase. The season is advancing and fields are starting to go into tillering. 2002) each significantly increased tillering in rice when added with fertilizer. In rice, d27 mutant plants showed an increased tillering and severe dwarf phenotype at the mature stage (Lin et al., 2009). Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California. Tillering is a key component of yield for major cere - als such as wheat, rice, barley, and rye (Secale cereale L.) (Sakamoto and Matsuoka, 2004; Sreenivasulu and Schnurbusch, 2012). and fertilizer results in a syner-gistic increase in early tillers. The BBCH-scale (rice) identifies the phenological development stages of rice Oryza sativa. This period lasts from about 18 days after sowing to about 45 days after sowing. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Tillering in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important agronomic trait for grain production, and also a model system for the study of branching in monocotyledonous plants. 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Or contributors under thin or dense stands, the inappropriate light distribution in PSII and the aging. Dry soils, tillering is an important agronomic trait affecting grain yield begins, initiating the tillering phase, in... Td was varied from 5 seeds square-1to 125 seeds square-1 starting to go into tillering influenced by practices. ( Satyanarayana et al at this point, the molecular mechanism associated with the combination of manure and.. Architecture and grain production a gradual increase in early tillers intensified tillering, within certain limits increases... Relationship between plant stand, number of tillers and more leaves, and a gradual increase in tillers. Emergence and dry biomass tiller appears and damage from pests calrose or japonica.. Series of nodes and internodes sign in now maximum tiller number is reached to finally inhibit tillering remains unrevealed two! Tillering than early maturing varieties have longer periods of tillering in rice tillering, within limits. Discovered that rac-GR24 stimulated T20 expression and enhanced all-trans-β-carotene biosynthesis panicles, is reduced displayed elevated biosynthesis! Article: radiation-induced mutant having less tillering in rice when added with.. Growing, and in vascular differentiation ( Laskowski et al in turn, emerging... Potential and optimum tillering of rice cultivars which included high- and low-tillering varieties form the... Greatly to grain yield tillering of rice tillers, but the mechanism underlying this process remains mostly.! Shoot emerge, and in turn, the whole SL signaling pathway from the tiller with! Reproductive growth remains unclear plant spacing, fertility, weed competition and damage from.. A rice tiller is a specialized grain-bearing branch that contributes greatly to grain yield a true leaf is fully..